APPENDIX III Grammar Grammar File
UNIT 1 Simple Present
FORM
SPELLING RULES For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) We add s to the main verb work+s = he works
We add es in verbs ending in sh, ch, ss, o, x wash + es = he washes We add ies in verbs ending in consonant + y study + ies = he studies
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APPENDIX III - GRAMMAR FILE
Wh… questions / How… questions with Simple Present
EXAMPLES
Present Continuous
FORM
SPELLING RULES
We add -ing to the main verb: work + ing = working
Exceptions
a. If the main verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant,we double the last letter: stop + p + ing = stopping / cut+ t+ ing = cutting
b. If the main verb ends in ie, we change the ie to y: die = diey + ing = dying
c. If the main verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e: come + ing = coming
USE We use the present continuous tense to talk about: a. an action happening exactly now b. an action happening around now EXAMPLES Look! The bus is coming! Are you learning French or English? We are not having breakfast at the moment. |
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UNIT 2 Countable / Uncountable nouns
EXAMPLES
Containers / Units of weight
EXAMPLES
UNIT 3 Comparisons of adjectives and adverbs FORM
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APPENDIX III - GRAMMAR FILE
USE In the Comparative form we add –er than in short adjectives and more + adjective + than in long adjectives. In the Superlative form we add the –est in short adjectives and the most + adjective in long adjectives.
Irregular adjectives
Comparisons of adjectives with as…as and not so… as
EXAMPLES
Comparisons of adverbs
FORM To form a regular adverb we add -ly / -ily to an adjective
USE We use adverbs when we want to answer the question HOW. |
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UNIT 4 Simple Past FORM
USE We use the simple past tense to talk about an action, a situation or an event, short or long, that • happened in the past • is completely finished • we say (or understand) the time and/or place it happened EXAMPLES I lived in that house when I was younger. He didn't like the movie. What did you eat for dinner? John rode his bike to school on Monday. Mary did not go to school yesterday. Did you play tennis last week? PAY ATTENTION TO THE IRREGULAR VERBS
Past Continuous
FORM
USE The Past Continuous tense expresses an action that happened at a particular moment in the past and it continued for some time.
EXAMPLES I was doing my homework at 6.00 in the evening. They were not playing football at 9am this morning. What were you doing at 10pm last night? Tony went home early because it was snowing. |
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APPENDIX III - GRAMMAR FILE
Past Continuous + Simple Past USE We often use the Past Continuous tense with the Simple Past tense. We use the Past Continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the Simple Past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while. We use: • when + short action (Simple Past tense) • while + long action (Past Continuous tense)
EXAMPLES
UNIT 5 Used to… FORM
USE
Asking for and giving directions / information
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UNIT 6 Modal verbs: can, may, should FORM
USE CAN: Possibility / Ability
EXAMPLES She can fly a plane. John can speak Spanish. I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.) Can you hear me?
CAN, MAY: Permission
The use of CAN for permission is informal.
Examples
Can I leave early today? May I leave early today?
SHOULD: Advice
We sometimes use should to give advice to someone:
Example You should be brave and well trained, if you want to be a lifeguard. |
Simple Future
FORM
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:
USE We use the Simple Future tense to show prediction, offer, promise, warning,
be going to… USE We often use be going to… when we have the intention to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision before speaking. EXAMPLES I have won €1,000. I am going to buy a new TV. We're not going to see my mother tomorrow. When are you going to go on holiday? |
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UNIT 7 Present Perfect Simple FORM
USE We use the Present Perfect Simple tense to talk about past activities, which we are not interested in when they happened. We only want to know if they happened.
EXAMPLES
Present Perfect Continuous FORM
We use for to talk about a period of time. (for 5 minutes/ 2 weeks/ 6 years) We use since to talk about a point in past time. (since 9 o'clock/ 1st January/ Monday) |
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APPENDIX III - GRAMMAR FILE
USE We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an action that started in the past and has just stopped. There is usually a result now. to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
EXAMPLES I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.] We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.] How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.] We have not been watching TV. [And we are not watching TV now.] He has broken many records since he was 14. [He is still breaking records.]
UNIT 8 Conditional Sentences FORM
USE We use Type 1 Conditional Sentences to show that something is possible to happen in the present or future. We use Type 2 Conditional Sentences to show that something is very unlikely to happen in the present or future. This kind of sentences often expresses a wish or advice.
EXAMPLES
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UNIT 9 Past Perfect FORM
USE We use the Past Perfect tense to talk about an action that happened in the past before another action. This is 'the past in the past'. EXAMPLES The tide had washed up thousands of starfish, when he arrived. They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours. I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived." "Really? Where had she gone?"
Clauses of result / reason The clauses of result express the result of an action or a situation. They start with …so and …as a result.
EXAMPLES People have built a lot of hotels near the beach so baby turtles head for the lights of the hotels. People have built a lot of hotels near the beach and as a result, baby turtles head for the lights of the hotels. The clauses of reason tell us why something happens or exists. They start with …because, …because of and …as. EXAMPLES Fishermen kill them because they destroy their fishing nets. They lose their habitat because of tourism. The Mediterranean seal symbolizes the health of the sea, as it can only live in clean non polluted waters. |
APPENDIX III - GRAMMAR FILE
UNIT 10 Passive Voice – Simple Present Tense FORM We form the Simple Present Passive with the verb to be in the right form and the Past participle of the main verb.
USE We use the Passive Voice when we are more interested in the action than in who is responsible for it (agent). When we want to mention who does the action the word by comes before it. We also use Passive Voice in notices and signs.
EXAMPLES The young Bond is presented as a tall and scruffy teenager. The young Bond books are written by Charlie Higson. Smoking is forbidden. Tickets are sold out. |